1.2.1.1 How the Library Works

The PLC Physical Layer (PHY) implements some transmission capabilities with the following purposes:

  • Comply with regulatory requirements

  • Meet power injection and signal quality requirements

  • Compensate nonlinearities of the power supply and coupling harware designs, related to components' tolerances and PCB layout

  • Support different PLC devices (PL360/PL460) and transmission coupling harware designs

These capabilities are configured through PHY parameters (PIBs). The PLC PHY Coupling service offers a simple interface to set these PIBs, whose values can be configured via MCC.

The default PLC PHY Coupling configuration values are optimized for the Evaluation Kits, calibrated for each transmission coupling harware reference design and working band.

For custom designs different from the Microchip reference designs, it is recommended to recalibrate the PLC PHY Coupling configuration values. To help in this calibration process of the PLC PHY, Microchip provides the PHY Calibration Tool, an open source application developed with Python®. For further information, contact with the Smart Energy support team or refer to the PL360 Physical Calibration user guide.

PLC PHY Transmission Capabilities

Transmission capabilities implemented in the PLC PHY:

  • Transmission Modes

  • Equalization

  • Dynamic adaptation

Transmission Modes

Three transmission modes are available in the PLC PHY (PIB PLC_ID_CFG_IMPEDANCE):

Tx ModePLC_ID_CFG_IMPEDANCE valueDescription
HIGH0Optimized for high impedance (typically Z > 20 Ω)
LOW1Optimized for low impedance. In the current implementations this mode is not used
VLOW2Optimized for very low impedance (typically Z < 10 Ω)

Transmission digital gain and equalization are independentely configured for each Tx mode. Since each Tx mode is optimized for an impedance range, the PLC PHY is also capable of selecting automatically the Tx mode, based on the estimated load impedance. This allows to achieve a good tradeoff between transmission performance, efficiency, signal quality and spectrum ripple for a wider range of load impedances.

Equalization

Usually, the transmitted signal has a non-flat frequency spectrum inside the working band (ripple), because of the frequency response of the external analog filter (discrete components). This ripple can be reduced by equalizing the transmitted signal.

The PLC PHY can perform this equalization by means of digital signal pre-distortion. A specific gain factor is assigned to each carrier in the working band, compensating the frequency response of the external analog filter. For different equalization configurations, the average signal level in the whole working band is maintained (pre-distorsion gain reduction is compensated).

The external analog filter may have different frequency response for different load impedances. For that reason, equalization is independentely configured for each Tx mode.

The following figure shows an example of equalization in the G3-PLC CENELEC-A band. It shows how the ripple is reduced after equalization, keeping the same signal average in band (overlapped curves).

Figure . Example of Equalization in G3-PLC CENELEC-A band
Equalization

Dynamic adaptation

The PLC PHY can modify the Tx mode and digital gain, dynamically after each transmission. Three automatic modes are available (PIB PLC_ID_CFG_AUTODETECT_IMPEDANCE):

Auto ModePLC_ID_CFG_AUTODETECT_IMPEDANCE valueTx ModeTx Gain
OFF0FixedFixed
ON1DynamicDynamic
AGC2FixedDynamic

The PLC Device receives its own transmitted signal and the RMS value is computed by the PHY (rmsCalc in DRV_PLC_PHY_TRANSMISSION_CFM_OBJ). This allows to estimate the load impedance and adjust the Tx mode/gain for the next transmission.

For dynamic Tx gain, a target RMS is configured and the digital Tx gain is adjusted (between configurable minumum and maximum) after each transmission. The objective is to try to inject the same signal level for different load impedances. For lower load impedances the Tx gain will be increased to inject the required signal level, while for higher load impedances the Tx gain will be reduced to reduce power consumption.

For dynamic Tx mode, RMS thresholds are configured to switch from one Tx mode to another. The objective is to try to use the most efficient Tx mode depending on the load impedance. The thresholds should be configured using an hystheresis window to avoid undesirable behaviours.

The following figure illustrates the interaction between the different functionalities described above:

Figure . PLC PHY Transmission Capabilities abstraction model
CalibrationSteps_reduced

The following figure shows an example of the injected signal level in terms of the load impedance (from 0 to 100 Ω), for Auto Mode OFF (HIGH/VLOW modes) and ON:

Figure . Example of injected signal level in terms of load impedance
TxStateThresholdsAndHysteresisWindow

PLC PHY Coupling parameters

The following table sumarizes the PLC PHY PIBs related to transmission configuration, coupling hardware design and PLC device used:

PHY PIBDescription
PLC_ID_CFG_IMPEDANCETx Mode
PLC_ID_CFG_AUTODETECT_IMPEDANCEAuto Tx Mode. Enable/disable dynamic Tx mode/gain
PLC_ID_PREDIST_COEF_TABLE_HIPre-distorsion table for equalization in HIGH mode
PLC_ID_PREDIST_COEF_TABLE_VLOPre-distorsion table for equalization in VLOW mode
PLC_ID_PREDIST_COEF_TABLE_HI_2Pre-distorsion table for equalization in HIGH mode (only for PRIME Double Channel)
PLC_ID_PREDIST_COEF_TABLE_VLO_2Pre-distorsion table for equalization in VLOW mode (only for PRIME Double Channel)
PLC_ID_GAIN_TABLE_HIDigital gain configuration for HIGH mode
PLC_ID_GAIN_TABLE_VLODigital gain configuration for VLOW mode
PLC_ID_CURRENT_GAINIndicates the digital gain for the next/current transmission. It may vary between transmissions if dynamic Tx gain is enabled
PLC_ID_CORRECTED_RMS_CALCIndicates the RMS value of the last transmission, compensated with the dynamic Tx gain factor applied. This is the value used in dynamic adaptation algorithms
PLC_ID_NUM_TX_LEVELSNumber of transmission attenuation levels (attenuation field in DRV_PLC_PHY_TRANSMISSION_OBJ) supporting dynamic mode/gain
PLC_ID_MAX_RMS_TABLE_HITarget RMS values in HIGH mode for dynamic Tx gain
PLC_ID_MAX_RMS_TABLE_VLOTarget RMS values in VLOW mode for dynamic Tx gain
PLC_ID_THRESHOLDS_TABLE_HIThreshold RMS values in HIGH mode for dynamic Tx mode
PLC_ID_THRESHOLDS_TABLE_VLOThreshold RMS values in VLOW mode for dynamic Tx mode
PLC_ID_IC_DRIVER_CFGPLC Device (PL360/PL460) and branch configuration
PLC_ID_DACC_TABLE_CFGPLC Device's DACC peripheral register values